{"id":22892,"date":"2026-07-13T19:34:11","date_gmt":"2026-07-13T19:34:11","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2026-07-13T22:16:27","modified_gmt":"2026-07-13T22:16:27","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%88%d9%85%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b7%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/gifted-hub.com\/ar\/%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%88%d9%85%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b7%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062d \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0621 (Molina Garc\u00eda, 2014; Giudice, 2024; Neihart, 1999).   <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629: <strong>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 (Ziegler &amp; Heller, 2000; Valadez Sierra et al., 2012; Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora &amp; Pastor-Vicedo, 2024). \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0630\u0631. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 <strong>\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/strong>. \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 (Arocas Sanchis &amp; Vera Lluch, 2012; Conklin, 2015; Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora &amp; Pastor-Vicedo, 2024). <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d (Chung, 2023; Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora &amp; Pastor-Vicedo, 2024). \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u064b\u0627<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637<\/th><th>\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u201d\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621.\u201c<\/td><td>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 (Conklin, 2015; Valadez Sierra et al., 2012).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u201d\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621.\u201c<\/td><td>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 (Giudice, 2024; Ziegler &amp; Heller, 2000; Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora &amp; Pastor-Vicedo, 2024).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u201d\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u061b \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062f\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0647.\u201c<\/td><td>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 (Kerr, 1991; Tomlinson, 2004; Molina Garc\u00eda, 2014).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u201d\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629.\u201c<\/td><td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u0632\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Neihart, 1999; Doobay et al., 2014; Simo\u00ebs-Perlant, 2024). <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u201d\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.\u201c<\/td><td>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 (Ziegler &amp; Heller, 2000; Valadez Sierra et al., 2012; Arocas Sanchis &amp; Vera Lluch, 2012).<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u201d\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629.\u201c<\/td><td>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 (Ziegler &amp; Heller, 2000; Shavinina &amp; Ferrari, 2004; Valadez Sierra et al., 2012).<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c: \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 (Molina Garc\u00eda, 2014; Conklin, 2015; Arocas Sanchis &amp; Vera Lluch, 2012). <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634.   <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621: \u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 130\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 (Giudice, 2024).  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 (Ziegler &amp; Heller, 2000; Valadez Sierra et al., 2012; Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora &amp; Pastor-Vicedo, 2024).  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0632\u064a\u062c\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627: \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u201d\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u201c \u0643\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u201d\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u201c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628 \u201d\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u201c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 (Ziegler &amp; Heller, 2000). <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 (Valadez Sierra et al., 2012). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u201d\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u201c: \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a (Kerr, 1991). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 (Molina Garc\u00eda, 2014; Tomlinson, 2004).  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 (Tomlinson, 2004).  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0643 \u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629: \u0641\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 (Neihart, 1999). \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (Doobay et al., 2014).  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0633-\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a (Simo\u00ebs-Perlant, 2024). <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (Valadez Sierra et al., 2012; Neihart, 1999). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 (Treffinger, 2004).  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u201d\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u064b\u0627\u201c \u0623\u0648 \u201d\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u201c. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u201d\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u201c\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629. \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 (Molina Garc\u00eda, 2014; Ziegler &amp; Heller, 2000; Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora &amp; Pastor-Vicedo, 2024).  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Arocas Sanchis &amp; Vera Lluch (2012)\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chung (2023)\u060c <em>\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0646\u064a<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conklin (2015)\u060c <em>\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Doobay et al. (2014)\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u2026<\/em>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Giudice (2024)\u060c <em>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora &amp; Pastor-Vicedo (2024)\u060c <em>\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kerr (1991)\u060c <em>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Molina Garc\u00eda (2014)\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neihart (1999)\u060c <em>\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Shavinina &amp; Ferrari (2004)\u060c <em>\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simo\u00ebs-Perlant (2024)\u060c <em>\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tomlinson (2004)\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Treffinger (2004)\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629<\/em>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Valadez Sierra et al. (2012)\u060c <em>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0646<\/em>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ziegler &amp; Heller (2000)\u060c <em>\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a<\/em>. \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 APA \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-accent-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-c9a371c5 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-top-left-radius:12px;border-top-right-radius:12px;border-bottom-left-radius:12px;border-bottom-right-radius:12px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gifted-hub.com\/ar\/%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"22736\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gifted-hub.com\/ar\/%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%87%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"22738\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gifted-hub.com\/ar\/%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%88%d9%85%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%ae%d8%a7%d8%b7%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"22740\">\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 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href=\"https:\/\/gifted-hub.com\/ar\/%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"22769\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 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\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062d \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0633\u0628\u0628 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":22796,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"group-interest":[],"class_list":["post-22892","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 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